Click on images to enlarge

habit in flower (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit in fruit (Photo: Trevor James)

leaves (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

undersides of younger leaves (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

dense flower clusters (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

flowers (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of flower (Photo: Greg Jordan)

older leaves, with hairless undersides, and mature fruit (Photo: Rob and Fiona Richardson)

mature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of mature fruit (Photo: Rob and Fiona Richardson)

Scientific Name

Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Franch.

Synonyms

Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Franch. forma serotinus (Hutch.) Stapf
Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Franch. var. serotinus (Hutch.) L.T. Lu & A.R. Brach
Cotoneaster serotinus Hutch.

Common Names

bright bead cotoneaster, cotoneaster, grey cotoneaster, grey leaf cotoneaster, grey leafed cotoneaster, greyleaf cotoneaster, grey-leaved cotoneaster, large leaf cotoneaster, large-leaf cotoneaster, large-leaved cotoneaster

Family

Malaceae (New South Wales)
Rosaceae (Queensland, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia)

Origin

This species originated in eastern Asia (i.e. in southern China and Vietnam).

Naturalised Distribution

Naturalised around populated areas mainly in the south-eastern parts of the country. It is most common in eastern New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria and Tasmania. Scattered populations are present in south-western Western Australia and in the southern parts of South Australia.

Also naturalised on Lord Howe Island and in New Zealand.

Cultivation

A common garden plant (i.e. ornamental), particularly in southern Australia.

Habitat

A weed of open woodlands, grasslands, coastal environs, urban bushland, waterways, roadsides, railway lines, disturbed sites and waste areas. It is mostly restricted to temperate regions.

Distinguishing Features

• an upright or arching shrub (usually growing 3-5 m tall) with many branching stems.
  
  
• younger branches are reddish-brown and finely hairy, older branches become hairless and turn grey or dark brown.
  
  
• its leaves are moderately large (2-8 cm long and 1.5-4.0 cm wide) with smooth and dark green upper surfaces.
  
  
• lower leaf surfaces are initially greyish-green and hairy, but they become pale green or bluish-green with age.
  
  
• its small white flowers (about 5 mm across) are borne in large dense clusters and have five small spreading petals.
  
  
• its rounded or egg-shaped 'berries' (6-8 mm across) turn bright red as they mature.

Habit

An upright (i.e. erect) or arching, many-stemmed, shrub or small tree usually growing 3-5 m tall, but occasionally reaching up to 7 m in height.

Stems and Leaves

The stems are upright (i.e. erect) at first and later become arched. Younger branches are reddish-brown in colour and covered in fine downy hairs (i.e. they are pubescent). As they age, the stems become hairless (i.e. glabrous) and turn grey or dark brown in colour.

The alternately arranged leaves are borne on stalks (i.e. petioles) 4-10 mm long. They are oval (i.e. elliptic) or egg-shaped in outline (i.e. ovate) and are widest at or below the middle. The leaf blades (2-8 cm long and 1.5-4 cm wide) have entire margins and pointed tips (i.e. acute apices). Their upper surfaces are smooth and dark green in colour while their lower surfaces are initially greyish-green and covered in whitish hairs (i.e. they are pubescent). These hairs often wear off as the leaves mature, leaving pale green or slightly bluish-green (i.e. glaucous) undersides.

Flowers and Fruit

The white flowers (5-8 mm across) are borne in large clusters along the branches that each contain 20-60 flowers. The individual flowers are borne on short stalks (i.e. pedicels) 2-4 mm long and have five small spreading petals (2-4 mm long). They also have five sepals (1-2 mm long and 1.5-2.5 mm wide), about 20 stamens and two styles. Flowering occurs mostly during late spring and summer.

The rounded (i.e. globular) or egg-shaped (i.e. ovoid) fruit are borne in large hanging clusters. These glossy 'berries' (i.e. pomes) and are initially green, but they turn bright glossy red as they mature. Each 'berry' (6-8 mm across) usually contains two 'seeds' (i.e. nutlets or pyrenes) that are 2-3 mm across. The fruit may be present from autumn through to late winter (i.e. February to August).

Reproduction and Dispersal

This plant reproduces by seed, which are commonly spread by birds that eat the brightly coloured fruit. Seeds are also dispersed by other animals (e.g. foxes) and in dumped garden waste. If plants are cut down they will produce suckers from the base (i.e. crown).

Impacts

Large-leaved cotoneaster (Cotoneaster glaucophyllus) is a significant environmental weed in Victoria, Tasmania and the ACT, and a moderately important environmental weed in New South Wales, Western Australia and on Lord Howe Island.

This species is commonly found on the fringes of urban bushland and along roadsides in southern Australia. It also invades heathlands, lowland grasslands, open woodlands, dry sclerophyll forests, wet sclerophyll forests, coastal habitats, riparian vegetation, freshwater wetlands and rocky outcrop vegetation. This species, like the other cotoneasters, forms thickets under tall trees and dense infestations will shade out the native ground flora and impede the regeneration of overstorey plants.

Other Impacts

The fruit of large-leaved cotoneaster (Cotoneaster glaucophyllus) are poisonous to humans and this species can also act as a host for bacterial fireblight, a disease of orchards.

Similar Species

Large-leaved cotoneaster (Cotoneaster glaucophyllus) is very similar to grey cotoneaster (Cotoneaster franchetii ), silver-leaved cotoneaster (Cotoneaster pannosus ), willow-leaved cotoneaster (Cotoneaster salicifolius), milk-flower cotoneaster (Cotoneaster coriaceus ) and khasia berry (Cotoneaster simonsii ). These species can be distinguished by the following differences:

• large-leaved cotoneaster (Cotoneaster glaucophyllus) has relatively large leaves (20-80 mm long) with upper surfaces that are smooth and dark green in colour. The lower surface of the leaves are initially greyish-green and covered in whitish hairs (i.e. they are pubescent) but these hairs often wear off as the leaves mature, leaving pale green or slightly bluish-green and hairless (i.e. glabrous) undersides. The white flowers have spreading petals and are usually borne in large clusters (usually with 20-60 flowers). Its relatively glossy fruit turn bright red as they mature and usually contain two 'seeds' (i.e. pyrenes).
  
  
• grey cotoneaster (Cotoneaster franchetii ) has relatively small leaves (20-35 mm long) with greyish-green upper surfaces that are somewhat hairy (i.e. pubescent) when they are young, but become hairless (i.e. glabrous) and shiny in appearance as they mature. The lower surface of the leaves are silvery or whitish in colour and densely hairy (i.e. pubescent). The pink or pinkish-white flowers have relatively upright (i.e. erect) petals and are borne in medium-sized clusters (usually with 5-15 flowers). Its fruit turn orange or pinkish-orange as they mature and usually contain three 'seeds' (i.e. pyrenes).
  
  
• silver-leaved cotoneaster (Cotoneaster pannosus ) has relatively small leaves (10-40 mm long) with dull greyish-green upper surfaces that are somewhat hairy (i.e. pubescent). The lower surface of the leaves are silvery or whitish and densely hairy (i.e. pubescent). The white flowers have spreading petals and are borne in medium-sized clusters (usually with 6-20 flowers). Its relatively dull and sometimes hairy fruit turn red as they mature and usually contain two 'seeds' (i.e. pyrenes).
  
  
• willow-leaved cotoneaster (Cotoneaster salicifolius) has relatively long and narrow leaves (25-90 mm long) with dark green, glossy and hairless (i.e. glabrous) upper surfaces that have prominent veins impressed into them. The lower surface of the leaves are greyish in colour and hairy (i.e. pubescent). The white flowers have spreading petals and are borne in medium-sized clusters. Its fruit turn bright red as they mature and contain two or three 'seeds' (i.e. pyrenes).
  
  
• milk-flower cotoneaster (Cotoneaster coriaceus ) has relatively large leaves (up to 75 mm long) with shiny dark green and mostly hairless (i.e. glabrous) upper surfaces that have prominent veins impressed into them. The lower surface of the leaves are whitish in colour and densely hairy (i.e. pubescent). The milky white flowers are borne in medium-sized clusters and its fruit turn orange-red or red in colour as they mature.
  
  
• khasia berry (Cotoneaster simonsii ) has relatively small leaves (about 25 mm long) with bright green upper leaf surfaces that are shiny and have a sparse covering of close-lying (i.e. appressed) hairs. The lower surface of the leaves are greyish-green and also sparsely hairy (i.e. sparsely pubescent). The white or pale pink coloured flowers are borne in small clusters (with only 1-4 flowers). Its shiny fruit turn orange-red or scarlet red in colour as they mature.

Large-leaved cotoneaster (Cotoneaster glaucophyllus) is also relatively similar to the firethorns (Pyracantha spp.) and the hawthorns (Crataegus spp.). However, the firethorns (Pyracantha spp.) have stems that are armed with spines and the hawthorns (Crataegus spp.) have deeply lobed leaves that are also often coarsely toothed (i.e. serrate) towards their tips and stems that are also armed with stout thorns.

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

• ACT: C4 - prohibited pest plant (a pest plant whose propagation and supply is prohibited).
  
  
• Western Australia: Unassessed - this species is declared in other states or territories and is prohibited until assessed via a weed risk assessment (throughout the entire state).

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

• the Randwick City Council Environmental Weed Profile on this species, which is available online at http://www.randwick.nsw.gov.au.
  
  
• the Weeds in your Bush section of the Tasmanian Bushcare Toolkit which is available online at http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au.
  
  
• Muyt (2001), Bush Invaders of South-east Australia, pp. 170-171.

Sources

Anonymous (2002). A Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk Project and Department of Agriculture - Western Australia.

Anonymous (2002). Australia's Virtual Herbarium. http://www.anbg.gov.au/avh. Australian National Botanic Gardens, Environment Australia, Canberra, ACT.

Anonymous (2006). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, National Genetic Resources Program, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, Maryland, USA.

Anonymous (2006). National List of Naturalised Invasive and Potentially Invasive Garden Plants. Version 1.2. World Wildlife Fund - Australia (WWF Australia).

Anonymous (2007). Cotoneaster. Cotoneaster glaucophyllus. Environmental Weeds Profile. http://www.randwick.nsw.gov.au/attachments/Cotoneaster%20Brochure.pdf. Randwick City Council, New South Wales.

Anonymous (2007). Weeds Australia. http://www.weeds.org.au. National Weeds Strategy Executive Committee, Launceston, Tasmania.

Barker, B., Barker, R., Jessop, J. and Vonow, H. (2005). Census of South Australian Vascular Plants. Fifth Edition. The Botanic Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium, Government of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia.

Blood, K. (2001). Environmental Weeds: a field guide for SE Australia. C.H. Jerram and Associates - Science Publishers, Mt. Waverley, Victoria.

Buchanan, A.M. (2007). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania and Index to The Student s Flora of Tasmania. Web Edition for 2007. http://www.tmag.tas.gov.au/Herbarium/TasVascPlants.pdf. Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (TMAG), Hobart, Tasmania.

Coleman, H. (1998). *Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Franch. FloraBase: The Western Australian Flora. http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au. Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM), Perth, Western Australia.

Green, P. (1994). Flora of Australia, Volume 49, Oceania Islands 1. Australian Biological Resources Study and CSIRO Publishing, Canberra, ACT.

Harden, G.J. and Rodd, A.N. (2007). Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Franch. New South Wales Flora Online. PlantNET - The Plant Information Network System of Botanic Gardens Trust. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au. Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, New South Wales.

Hussey, B.M.J., Keighery, G.J., Cousens, R.D., Dodd, J. and Lloyd, S.G. (1997). Western Weeds: a guide to the weeds of Western Australia. The Plant Protection Society of Western Australia, Victoria Park, Western Australia.

Keighery, G. and Longman, V. (2004). The naturalized vascular plants of Western Australia. 1: checklist, environmental weeds and distribution in IBRA regions. Plant Protection Quarterly 19: 12-32.

Lazarides, M., Cowley, K. and Hohnen, P. (1997). CSIRO Handbook of Australian Weeds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria.

Lepschi, B.J., Adams, L.G., Mallinson, D.J. and Jones, D.L. (2007). Census of the Vascular Plants of the Australian Capital Territory. http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/ACT-census/. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Canberra, ACT.

Lingdi, L. and Brach, A.R. (2003). 10. Cotoneaster. In: Flora of China, Volume 9, Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae (eds. Z.Y. Wu and P.H. Raven). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

Lu, L.T. and Brach, A.R. (2002). New Combinations in Chinese Cotoneaster (Rosaceae). Novon 12: 495-496.

Miles, J. (2006). Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster species). South Coast Weeds. http://www.esc.nsw.gov.au/Weeds/index.asp.

Muyt, A. (2001). Bush Invaders of South-East Australia. R.G. and F.J. Richardson, Meredith, Victoria.

Navie, S.C. (2004). Declared Plants of Australia. CD-ROM. The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland.

Page, S. and Olds, M. (2002). Botanica: the illustrated A-Z of over 10,000 garden plants and how to cultivate them. 3rd Edition. Random House, Sydney, New South Wales.

Roy, B., Popay, I., Champion, P., James, T. and Rahman, A. (2004). An Illustrated Guide to Common Weeds of New Zealand. 2nd Edition. New Zealand Plant Protection Society, Lincoln, New Zealand.

Walsh, N.G. and Stajsic, V. (2007). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Victoria. Eighth Edition. National Herbarium of Victoria, South Yarra, Victoria.