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Scientific Name
Synonyms
Family
Common Names
Origin
Cultivation
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Seedling
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
Print Fact Sheet
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Click on images to enlarge

dense infestation on a creek-bank (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit in spring (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit in summer with fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit in autumn (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit in winter (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

main trunks (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of smooth grey bark on main trunk (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

younger branch with whitish spots (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

young leaves in spring (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

short clusters of male flowers (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of new leaves and bisexual flowers with feathery stigmas (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

older leaves and immature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

mature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

young seedling (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

older seedlings (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

infestation growing along Cubberla Creek in Fig Tree Pocket in Brisbane (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

older leaves with bluntly toothed margins (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of paler leaf underside, showing the three main veins at the base (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

young fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of mature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

Celtis sinensis

Scientific Name

Celtis sinensis Pers.

Synonyms

Celtis japonica Planch.

Family

Ulmaceae

Common Names

celtis, Chinese celtis, Chinese elm, Chinese hackberry, Chinese nettle-tree, hackberry, Japanese hackberry

Origin

Native to eastern Asia (i.e. China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan).

 

Cultivation

This tree was introduced as an ornamental and has been cultivated as a garden and street tree. It is particularly common in the warmer temperate and sub-tropical regions of Australia.

Naturalised Distribution

This species is naturalised in eastern Australia, where it is relatively widespread. It is common in the coastal and sub-coastal regions of south-eastern and central Queensland and in north-eastern New South Wales. Also recorded in other parts of Queensland and New South Wales.

Also naturalised in southern Africa and New Zealand.

Habitat

Chinese celtis (Celtis sinensis) is a weed of waterways and riverbanks (i.e. in riparian areas), roadsides, urban bushland, open woodlands, rainforest margins, waste areas, disturbed sites, parks and gardens in sub-tropical regions.

Habit

A large spreading tree growing 10-30 m tall, and usually losing its leaves during winter (i.e. it is deciduous).

Distinguishing Features

Seedling

The two seed-leaves (i.e. cotyledons) are oppositely arranged and have deeply indented tips (i.e. emarginate apices). They are followed by the first pair of true leaves, which are similar in appearance to the adult leaves though slightly smaller. As they seedlings grows their stems often develop a zig-zagging appearance (i.e. they are flexuose).

Stems and Leaves

The mature branches and trunks are greyish in colour with a mostly smooth bark. Younger stems have a somewhat zig-zagged appearance (i.e. they are flexuose) and are green or pale brown in colour. These stems have a relatively rough surface texture, and are sparsely covered in small whitish spots (i.e. lenticels). They are hairless (i.e. glabrous), or slightly hairy (i.e. puberulent) on very new growth.

The leaves (4-10 cm long and 3-6 cm wide) are alternately arranged along the stems and borne on stalks (i.e. petioles) 5-10 mm long. They are egg-shaped in outline (i.e. ovate) and taper to a pointed tip (i.e. acute or acuminate apex). These leaves have three main veins at the base and bluntly toothed (i.e. crenate) margins (particularly in the upper half). The upper leaf surface is smooth, glossy and hairless (i.e. glabrous), but may become slightly rough to the touch (i.e. scabrous) as the leaves age. The lower leaf surface is slightly paler and either hairless (i.e. glabrous) or slighty hairy (i.e. puberulent).

Flowers and Fruit

The small greenish-coloured flowers are only present for a brief period during late winter or early spring. They are borne on stalks (i.e. peduncles) 4-12 mm long and may be either male (i.e. staminate) or have both male and female parts (i.e. bisexual). Each of the bisexual flowers has four tiny 'petals' (i.e. tepals or perianth segments) about 2 mm long, four yellowish stamens, and a green ovary (1.5-3 mm long) topped with a velvety hairy stigma. This stigma has two spreading arms and is usually whitish in colour. Male flowers lack the ovary and stigma, and tend to be produced in short clusters away from the branch tips, while bisexual flowers are produced in groups of one to three in the leaf forks (i.e. axils) near the tips of the branches.

The small fruit (7-9 mm across) are somewhat fleshy and berry-like in appearance, but are actually single-seeded drupes with a hard centre. They are rounded (i.e. globular) or egg-shaped (i.e. ovoid) and are bright green when immature. These fruit turn yellowish, dark orange, and then reddish in colour as they mature, and older fruit eventually become reddish-brown or brownish in colour and often develop a somewhat wrinkled appearance. The stony seed is white, somewhat rounded (i.e. globose or sub-globose), and has a network-patterned (i.e. reticulately foveolate) surface texture.

Reproduction and Dispersal

This plant reproduces mostly by seeds, but also produces suckers. Its seeds are usually dispersed by animals (e.g. birds and flying foxes), by water movement, or in dumped garden waste.

Environmental Impact

Chinese celtis (Celtis sinensis) is a significant environmental weed in New South Wales and Queensland, and was recently listed as a priority environmental weed in two Natural Resource Management Regions. It is most common and widespread in south-eastern Queensland, where it is actively managed by community groups, and a recent assessment listed it as one of the top ten environmental weeds in this region.

It is a fast-growing tree that appears to favour clay soils associated with alluvial floodplains, creeks and gullies. It forms dense infestations, particularly along creek banks (i.e. in riparian areas), and prevents the regeneration of native vegetation. It also invades open areas within forests that have been cleared or otherwise disturbed. Dense infestations of this species use large amounts of water and also have the potential to affect populations of native animals through habitat destruction.

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Chinese celtis (Celtis sinensis) may be confused with Chinese elm (Ulmus parviflora), nettle tree (Celtis australis), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) and the native silky celtis (Celtis paniculata). These species can be distinguished by the following differences: