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Scientific Name
Family
Common Names
Origin
Cultivation
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
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close-up of mature fruit (Photo: Steve Hurst at USDA PLANTS Database)

Hydrocotyle ranunculoides

Scientific Name

Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f.

Family

Apiaceae (New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and the Northern Territory)
Araliaceae (Queensland)
Umbelliferae (South Australia)

Common Names

buttercup-pennywort, floating marsh-pennywort, floating marshpennywort, floating pennywort, hydrocotyl, hydrocotyle, marsh pennywort, pennywort, water penny wort, water pennywort

Origin

Native to North America (thought to have become naturalised in Central and South America some time ago).

Cultivation

Water pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) was deliberately introduced as an ornamental for garden ponds and aquaria.

Naturalised Distribution

Locally naturalised in and near Perth in south-western Western Australia.

Habitat

A potential weed of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate freshwater environments. It invades marshes, wetlands, the edges of still water bodies (i.e. ponds, dams, lakes, etc.) and sometimes also slow moving waterways.

Habit

A long-lived (i.e. perennial), floating (i.e. aquatic), aquatic plant forming mats on the water surface and spreading via creeping stems or runners (i.e. stolons).

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

The stems are mostly creeping (i.e. stolons) and produce roots (i.e. adventitious roots) from their joints (i.e. nodes), usually at intervals of approximately 4-6 cm. These roots are profuse and hairlike in nature. The stems and leaf stalks (i.e. petioles) are hairless (i.e. glabrous) and somewhat fleshy (i.e. semi-succulent) in nature, and aid in floatation.

The leaves are alternately arranged along the stems and are also hairless (i.e. glabrous). These leaves (2-18 cm across, but usually 4-12 cm across) are almost round (i.e. orbicular) in shape with a deep split or are occasionally kidney-shaped (i.e. reniform). They are shallowly to deeply lobed and/or with bluntly toothed (i.e. crenate) margins.

Flowers and Fruit

The flowers are arranged in complex clusters (i.e. compound umbels) arising from the leaf forks (i.e. axils) and are often hidden underneath the leaves. These flower clusters consist of a stalk (i.e. peduncle) which has several 1-5 cm long branches, each bearing a smaller cluster (i.e. an umbel) of 5-10 flowers. The tiny flowers are white, greenish or yellowish in colour with five minute petals and no obvious sepals. Flowering occurs mostly during summer.

The fruit is oval (i.e. elliptic) to round in shape, flattened, and has a few faint ribs. These fruit (1-3 mm long) divide into two halves (i.e. mericarps) when mature, each with a tiny persistent projection (i.e. the remains of the styles).

Reproduction and Dispersal

Water pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) reproduces via seeds and vegetatively via stolons and stem fragments. Most reproduction is thought to be vegetative, and the plant is capable of forming extensive mats from the smallest root or stem fragment.

Longer distance dispersal of stem fragments usually occurs by water movement and floods, or by introduction as a result of human activities (e.g. in dumped aquarium waste).

Environmental Impact

Water pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) is regarded as an environmental weed in Western Australia and as a "sleeper weed" or potential environmental weed in many other parts of the country. It is usually rooted to the banks of waterways, from which it spreads out over the water surface. Dense growth of this species can entirely cover the surface of static or slowly flowing waterways, particularly in nutrient-rich waters. Water pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) is ranked as a moderately important species in the Environmental Weed Strategy of Western Australia, because it has the ability to form a monoculture in invaded areas and can change the structure, composition and function of aquatic ecosystems.

This species escaped from ornamental garden ponds and aquaria and invaded several kilometres of the lower reaches of the Canning River in the 1980s and early 1990s. At the height of the infestation, water pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) spread across the river from bank to bank, killing off fish and encouraging the growth of blue-green algae. During one control effort it is estimated that 2000 tons of this weed was pulled out of the river. It is still a weed of rivers, creeks and freshwater streams in the coastal plains of south-western Western Australia, and is locally common through the southern Perth area (e.g. an infestation was recently found in the lakes and banks of Bodkin Park, at Waterford).

Water pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) is also invasive in other parts of the world, including in the UK. Prior to a control programme, it had out-competed native plants and grown to dominate parts of the Gillingham Marshes in eastern England.

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Hydrocotyle (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) is very similar to shield pennywort (Hydrocotyle verticillata), coastal pennywort (Hydrocotyle bonariensis) and several other pennyworts including Hydrocotyle laxiflora, Hydrocotyle acutiloba, Hydrocotyle peduncularis and Centella asiatica. These species can be distinguished by the following differences: