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Scientific Name
Synonyms
Family
Common Names
Origin
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
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Click on images to enlarge

infestation (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

stem segments (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

stem segment with spines (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

a young stem segment with tiny leaves (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

flower buds and young flowers (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of young flower (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

open flowers (Photo: Steve Adkins)

immature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

Opuntia monacantha

Scientific Name

Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Haw.

Synonyms

Cactus monacanthus Willd.
Platyopuntia brunneogemmia Ritter
Platyopuntia vulgaris (Mill.) Ritter
Opuntia vulgaris Mill. (misapplied)

Family

Cactaceae

Common Names

Barbary fig, cochineal prickly pear, common prickly pear, drooping pear, drooping prickly pear, drooping tree pear, smooth tree pear, smooth-leaf tree pear, spiny prickly pear, spreading prickly pear, tuna

Origin

Native to South America (i.e. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay).

Naturalised Distribution

This species has a very widespread distribution in Australia, however it is not particularly common. It is scattered in northern and south-eastern Queensland, eastern New South Wales, south-eastern South Australia, south-western Western Australia and Victoria. Also present in other parts of Queensland and New South Wales.

Also naturalised in other parts of the world, including Oceania (i.e. Fiji, Western Samoa, New Caledonia and Hawaii), South Africa and south-eastern USA.

Habitat

This species is mostly found in sub-tropical, semi-arid and warmer temperate environments. It is a weed of pastures, open woodlands, grasslands, roadsides, railways, creekbanks, disturbed sites, waste areas and sometimes also coastal environs.

Habit

An upright (i.e. erect), fleshy (i.e. succulent), tree-like plant usually growing 2-3 m tall, but occasionally reaching up to 6 m in height.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

The stems are bright green and much-branched, but with a single thick woody trunk at the base. These stems consist of a series of very flattened, oblong to egg-shaped (i.e. obovate), fleshy (i.e. succulent) segments. These segments (10-45 cm long, 5-15 cm wide and 4-15 mm thick) are hairless (i.e. glabrous) and somewhat glossy in appearance. They are covered in small raised structures (i.e. areoles), some of which bear 1 or 2 long spines (2-7 cm long). Some of the uppermost stem segments droop towards the ground, particularly when in they are covered in fruit.

The leaves are reduced to tiny cylindrical (i.e. terete) or cone-shaped (i.e. conical) structures (2-3 mm long). These leaves are quickly shed from the plant (i.e. they are caducous).

Flowers and Fruit

The showy flowers (7.5-10 cm long and 3-7.5 cm across) are borne singly on fleshy bases along the margins of the stem segments. These flowers are yellow with reddish-coloured markings on the undersides of the outermost 'petals'. They have numerous 'petals' (most of these are actually petal-like structures known as petaloids) that are 18-40 mm long and 12-40 mm wide. Flowering occurs mostly from late spring through until early autumn.

The immature fruit are green in colour, but turn purplish-red as they mature. These berries (4-7.5 cm long and  2-5 cm wide) are fleshy (i.e. succulent), rounded (i.e. globose) or somewhat pear-shaped (i.e. pyriform or obovoid), and have depressed tips. Several tufts of tiny bristles (i.e. areoles with glochids) are present on these fruit and the reddish-coloured pulp contains large numbers of smooth seeds. These seeds (3-4 mm across) are generally yellow or pale brown in colour and somewhat rounded (i.e. sub-globose) in shape.

Reproduction and Dispersal

This species reproduces by stem fragments (i.e. stem segments may become dislodged and produce roots) and also by seeds.

Stem fragments may become attached to animals, footwear and vehicles. They are also dispersed by flood waters and in dumped garden waste. The fruit are eaten by various animals (e.g. birds and foxes) and the seeds then spread in their droppings.

Environmental Impact

Drooping tree pear (Opuntia monacantha) is regarded as an environmental weed in Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia.

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Drooping tree pear (Opuntia monacantha) is very similar to spiny pest pear (Opuntia dillenii), common prickly pear (Opuntia stricta), Indian fig (Opuntia ficus-indica), white-spined prickly pear (Opuntia streptacantha) and velvety tree pear (Opuntia tomentosa). These species can be distinguished by the following differences: