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Scientific Name
Family
Common Names
Origin
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
Print Fact Sheet
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Click on images to enlarge

infestation (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

habit of mature tree (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

habit of younger tree (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

greenish-coloured older stem with thorns (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

thorns and leaves on younger stem (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of small leaflets on the strap-like leaves (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

flower clusters and leaves (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

flowers (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

close-up of flowers and young fruit (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

mature fruit (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

mature fruit and seeds (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

seedling (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of seeds (Photo: Steve Hurst at USDA PLANTS Database)

Parkinsonia aculeata

Scientific Name

Parkinsonia aculeata L.

Family

Caesalpiniaceae (Queensland, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and the Northern Territory)
Fabaceae: sub-family Caesalpinioideae (New South Wales)
Leguminosae (South Australia)

Common Names

Barbados flower-fence, horse bean, horse-bean, horsebean, jelly bean tree, Jerusalem thorn, Mexican palo verde, Mexican paloverde, palo verde, parkinsonia, retaima, sessaban

Origin

Native to southern USA (i.e. Texas and Arizona), northern Mexico, the Galapagos Islands and northern South America (i.e. Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina).

Naturalised Distribution

This species is scattered throughout most of northern and central Australia, except for the wettest and most arid locations. It is particularly troublesome in inland central and northern Queensland, and in the northern parts of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Also present in the southern parts of these states, as well as in the inland parts of northern New South Wales and some parts of South Australia.

Also naturalised overseas in tropical and southern Africa, Pakistan, Oceania (i.e. Hawaii and New Caledonia), and beyond its native range in the USA, Central America and Southern America.

Habitat

Parkinsonia (Parkinsonia aculeata) is mostly found growing near creeks, rivers and man-made water points (i.e. bores and dams) in semi-arid regions (especially those that have a distinctive wet and dry season). It is also found in tropical and sub-tropical environments and inhabits grasslands, open woodlands, rangelands, pastures, waste areas, disturbed sites and roadsides.

Habit

An upright (i.e. erect) spiny shrub or small tree often forming dense thickets. It can reach up to 10 m tall, but usually grows 2-6 m in height.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

The branches are green in colour, hairless (i.e. glabrous), and are often drooping (i.e. pendulous) or have a zig-zagging appearance. Younger stems have a pair of sharp spines (3-20 mm long) below each leaf (i.e. stipular spines) and these remain on older stems after the leaves have been shed.

Younger plants have compound (i.e. pinnate) leaves, but as the plant grows they become twice-compound (i.e. bi-pinnate) in nature. These leaves are alternately arranged along the stems, shortly stalked or almost sessile (i.e. petiolate or sub-sessile), and drooping (i.e. pendulous) in nature. Each of the twice-compound (i.e. bi-pinnate) leaves is divided into one to three pairs of long (20-40 cm), flattened, strap-like branchlets (i.e. pinnae). Numerous small, hairless (i.e. glabrous), leaflets (i.e. pinnules) are borne along these branchlets (i.e. pinnae). These leaflets (1-10 mm long and 1-2 mm wide, but mostly only 1-4 mm long) are oblong in shape and are readily shed (i.e. caducous) leaving only the long, green, drooping branchlets remaining on the plant.

Flowers and Fruit

The flowers (2-3 cm across) are arranged in loose elongated clusters (5-20 cm long) arising from the leaf forks (i.e. in axillary racemes). Each of these flower clusters usually contains 8-17 flowers, but the flowers can occasionally be borne singly. The flowers are bright yellow in colour, sometimes with a hint of orange or red in the centre, and are borne on slender stalks (i.e. pedicels) 5-20 mm long. They have five reddish-yellow sepals (4-8 mm long) that are fused together at the base (i.e. into a calyx tube), five petals (6-18 mm long) and ten stamens (about 6 mm long). Flowering occurs mostly during winter and spring, but larger trees may flower throughout the year.

The fruit is an elongated pod that is swollen around each of the seeds (i.e. they are torulose). These pods (3-13 cm long and 5-10 mm wide) turn a light brown or straw colour when mature and usually contain 1-6 seeds (occasionally up to eight seeds). The relatively large seeds (9-15 mm long and 3-6 mm wide) are olive green to brownish in colour and are sometimes mottled. They are hard, smooth in texture, and somewhat oval (i.e. ellipsoid-ovoid) or oblong in shape.

Reproduction and Dispersal

This plant reproduces mainly by seed, but it can also produce suckers (particularly after it has been damaged).

The seeds are mostly spread after being eaten by birds and other animals (e.g. cattle). The pods also float in water and the seeds can be dispersed in mud that becomes attached to animals and vehicles.

Environmental Impact

Parkinsonia (Parkinsonia aculeata) is regarded as a significant environmental weed in Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia, and as an environmental weed in New South Wales and South Australia. It is one of the 20 Weeds of National Significance (WoNS), and is actively managed by community groups in Queensland and the Northern Territory.

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Parkinsonia (Parkinsonia aculeata) can be confused with several other thorny bushes, including prickly acacia (Acacia nilotica subsp. indica), mimosa bush (Acacia farnesiana) and the mesquites (Prosopis spp.). These species are all relatively common and widespread, and all have spines, compound leaves, yellow flowers and elongated seed pods. However, they can be distinguished by the following differences:

See the Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Water pest fact sheet on Identification of Prickle Bushes at www.nrm.qld.gov.au for more information on distinguishing between these species.