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Scientific Name
Synonyms
Family
Common Names
Origin
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
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Click on images to enlarge

habit in flower (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit in fruit with reddish-coloured stems (Photo: Mellisa Offord)

close-up of angled, hairless stems (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of leaf (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

young flower cluster with flowers and flower buds (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of whitish flowers on very short stalks (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

elongated cluster of older flowers (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of pumpkin-shaped young fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

mature fruit releasing shiny black seeds (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of purplish-black mature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

the very similar American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) with immature fruit (Photo: Chris Gardiner)

close-up of the mature fruit of American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), which are borne on relatively long stalks (Photo: Forest and Kim Starr, USGS)

immature fruit and persistent 'petals' which are turning red in colour (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

Phytolacca octandra

Scientific Name

Phytolacca octandra L.

Synonyms

Phytolacca icosandra L.

Family

Phytolaccaceae

Common Names

dye-berry, dyeberry, eightstamen pokeweed, forest inkberry, ink weed, inkberry, inkweed, phytolacca, poke weed, pokeweed, red ink plant, red inkplant, red ink-weed, red-ink weed, scorpion tail, southern pokeberry, tropical pokeweed

Origin

Native to Mexico, Central America (i.e. Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama), the Caribbean and tropical South America (i.e. Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru).

Naturalised Distribution

Widely naturalised in southern and eastern Australia (i.e. in eastern Queensland, in many parts of New South Wales and Victoria, in south-eastern South Australia and in the coastal districts of south-western Western Australia). Also naturalised on Norfolk Island and possibly naturalised in the Northern Territory.

Naturalised overseas, including in New Zealand and on some Pacific islands (e.g. New Caledonia and Hawaii).

Habitat

A weed of disturbed sites, waste areas, roadsides, crops, gardens, pastures, forest margins, open woodlands and creek banks in tropical, sub-tropical and warmer temperate regions.

Habit

A short-lived herbaceous plant or small shrub growing up to 3 m tall.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

The upright (i.e. erect) branched stems are hairless (i.e. glabrous) and often reddish in colour. Younger stems may be greenish or pinkish in appearance, while older stems can become slightly woody towards the base of the plant.

The alternately arranged leaves are hairless (i.e. glabrous) and borne on stalks (i.e. petioles) 0.5-4 cm long. They are oval (i.e. elliptic), egg-shaped in outline (i.e. ovate) or elongated (i.e. lanceolate) in shape with pointed tips (i.e. acute apices) and entire margins. These leaves (3.5-22 cm long and 1-8 cm wide) are green at first, but often turn a reddish colour as they age.

Flowers and Fruit

The small flowers are white or greenish-white in colour and borne on short stalks (i.e. pedicels) 0.5-3 mm long. They are densely arranged in elongated clusters (i.e. spike-like racemes) 10-15 cm long. These clusters are borne on stalks (i.e. peduncles) 1-2 cm long and are found at the tips of the branches or in the upper leaf forks (i.e. they are terminal or axillary). Each flower has five small 'petals' (i.e. tepals or perianth segments) 2-3 mm long and seven or eight stamens. They also have a green ovary topped with about eight small pinkish or purplish coloured styles. Flowers are produced throughout the year, but mostly during spring and summer.

The fruit (4-6 mm across) are berries that turn from green to red and then purplish-black in colour when fully ripe. They are flattened (i.e. depressed-globose) and usually have eight shallow lobes, hence they resemble tiny pumpkins. These fruit contain eight black seeds (about 2 mm across) in a reddish juice. The seeds are lens-shaped (i.e. lenticular), shiny in appearance, and smooth in texture.

Reproduction and Dispersal

Inkweed (Phytolacca octandra) reproduces by seed. These seeds are usually dispersed by birds and other animals (e.g. foxes) that eat its fruit.

Environmental Impact

Inkweed (Phytolacca octandra) is regarded as an environmental weed Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. It was also recently listed as a priority environmental weed in at least one Natural Resource Management region.

Legislation

Not declared or considered noxious by any state government authorities.

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Inkweed (Phytolacca octandra) is very similar to American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) and Venezuelan pokeweed (Phytolacca rivinoides). These species can be distinguished by the following differences:

Inkweed (Phytolacca octandra) is also relatively similar to deeringia (Deeringia amaranthoides), an uncommon native plant with similar leaves and fruit. However, the small flowers of deeringia (Deeringia amaranthoides) are loosely clustered, while its mature fruit are red and almost rounded (i.e. sub-globose).