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Scientific Name
Synonyms
Family
Common Names
Origin
Cultivation
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Legislation
Similar Species
Print Fact Sheet
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Click on images to enlarge

infestation in a eucalypt woodland (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

bark on main trunk (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of scaly bark (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

branches with leaves and female cones (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

the long needle-like leaves (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

immature female cone (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

mature female cone (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of seeds (Photo: Steve Hurst at USDA PLANTS Database)

seedlings growing amongst old leaves and pieces of shed bark (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

Pinus elliottii

Scientific Name

Pinus elliottii Engelm.

Synonyms

Pinus caribaea Morelet (misapplied)
Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. densa Little & Dorman
Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii

Family

Pinaceae

Common Names

American pitch pine, Florida pine, long-leaf pitch pine, pine, pine tree, plantation pine, slash pine, South Florida slash pine, swamp pine, yellow pine, yellow slash pine

Origin

Native to south-eastern USA (i.e. southern Alabama, Florida, southern Georgia, south-eastern Louisiana, southern Mississippi and South Carolina).

Cultivation

Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) is widely cultivated in Australia. It has been extensively planted in forestry plantations in sub-tropical regions for its good quality timber, and is also commonly grown as a garden ornamental and street tree.

Naturalised Distribution

This species is becoming widely naturalised in the sub-tropical regions of eastern Australia (i.e. widely naturalised in south-eastern Queensland and sparingly naturalised in the coastal districts of northern New South Wales).

Also naturalised in southern Africa (i.e. South Africa and Zimbabwe).

Habitat

A weed of roadsides, urban bushland, open woodlands, grasslands, disturbed sites and waste areas in sub-tropical regions.

Habit

A tall tree growing up to 30 m in height and up to 0.8 m across at the base. It has horizontal branches and usually sheds the lower ones as it grows, so the branches are usually quite high up on mature trees.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

The greyish-brown to reddish-brown coloured bark is shed in broad thin discs. Its younger branches are orange-brown in colour, while its shoots are bluish-green (i.e. glaucous).

The rigid needle-like leaves (17.5-30 cm long and 1.2-1.5 mm wide) are dark green in colour. They have a fine channel running lengthwise (i.e. longitudinally) and end in a pointed tip (i.e. acute apex). These leaves are grouped together in pairs or threes (i.e. fascicles) at the tips of the branches, and their bases are held within a light brown or greyish coloured sheath (1-2 cm long). When the leaves are shed, they fall in complete units along with their sheaths.

Flowers and Fruit

This species produces separate male and female reproductive cones (i.e. cones) on the same plant. The less obvious purplish-coloured male cones (2.5-6 cm long) are cylindrical and borne in clusters. The more prominent female cones (7-20 cm long and 3-7 cm wide) are borne on short stalks (up to 3 cm long) and are arranged singly or in pairs.

These cones mature over two or three years and are made up of many scales that have a tiny prickle (1-2 mm long) at their tips. The cones turn from green to brown or reddish-brown as they mature and split open when fully mature. Two seeds are borne on each of the scales. These seeds are egg-shaped (i.e. ovoid) or oval (i.e. ellipsoid) in shape with a papery wing (1.5-3 cm long) that is easily shed. The body of the seed is 6-7 mm long and mottled grey or black in colour.

Reproduction and Dispersal

This species reproduces by seed. The seeds are mostly spread short distances by wind. They are generally spread to new areas as a result of deliberate cultivation.

Environmental Impact

Slash pine (Pinus elliottii ) is regarded as an environmental weed in Queensland and New South Wales. It is also seen as a potential environmental weed in Western Australia.

Legislation

Not declared or considered noxious by any state government authorities.

Similar Species

Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) is similar to many other pine species that have become naturalised in Australia, including radiata pine (Pinus radiata), Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea), cluster pine (Pinus pinaster) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis). These species can be distinguished by the following differences: