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Scientific Name
Synonyms
Family
Common Names
Origin
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Other Impacts
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
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Click on images to enlarge

infestation (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

habit in flower (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

habit in fruit (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

leaves and flowers (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

once-compound leaves with several leaflets (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

close-up of leaf showing glands (Photo: Marie Vitelli)

close-up of flower from side-on (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

close-up of stamens showing beaked anthers (Photo: Marie Vitelli)

immature fruit (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

close-up of seeds (Photo: Steve Hurst at USDA PLANTS Database)

seedlings (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

Senna obtusifolia

Scientific Name

Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby

Synonyms

Cassia obtusifolia L.
Cassia tora L. (misapplied)
Cassia tora L. var. obtusifolia L.

Family

Caesalpiniaceae (Queensland, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and the Northern Territory)
Fabaceae: sub-family Caesalpinioideae (New South Wales)
Leguminosae (South Australia)

Common Names

arsenic weed, Chinese senna, coffee weed, coffeeweed, foetid cassia, Java bean, Java-bean, Javabean, sickle senna, sicklepod, sicklepod senna

Origin

This species is thought to be native to southern and eastern USA, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and tropical South America.

Naturalised Distribution

Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) is distributed mainly in the coastal and sub-coastal districts of northern Queensland and the Northern Territory. It has also been recorded in central Queensland and in the northern parts of Western Australia.

Also widely naturalised in other parts of the world including south-eastern Asia (i.e. the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam) and Oceania (i.e. the Galapagos Islands, Palau and Hawaii).

Habitat

A weed of disturbed sites, waste areas, roadsides, waterways, floodplains, drainage channels, open woodlands, crops and pastures in wetter tropical and sub-tropical environments.

Habit

A short-lived (i.e. annual or biennial) shrub growing to up to 2.5 m tall, but usually less than 2 m in height.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

Plants produce numerous, branched, sprawling stems that are 1.5-2 m long. These stems are usually softly hairy (i.e. pubescent) when young, but become mostly hairless (i.e. glabrescent) with age.

The compound (i.e. pinnate) leaves are alternately arranged along the stems and are borne on relatively short stalks (i.e. petioles) 15-20 mm long. They have two or three pairs of leaflets (17-65 mm long and 10-40 mm wide), with those further from the leaf stalk usually being larger. The leaflets are egg-shaped in outline with the narrower end attached to the stalk (i.e. obovate) and have rounded tips (i.e. obtuse apices). Their surfaces may be either hairless (i.e. glabrous) or sparsely hairy (i.e. pubescent) and the entire margins are usually edged with tiny hairs (i.e. cilia). There is a small elongated structure (i.e. gland) 1-3 mm long located on the main leaf axis (i.e rachis) between the lowest pair of leaflets (occasionally also between the second pair of leaflets as well).

Flowers and Fruit

The yellow flowers (10-15 mm across) are borne on stalks (i.e. pedicels) 7-28 mm long. These flowers usually occur in pairs in the leaf forks (i.e. axils) and are mostly located near the tips of the branches. They have five green sepals (5.5-9.5 mm long) and five yellow or pale yellow petals (8-15 mm long). Each flower also has seven fertile stamens with anthers (3-5 mm long) that have a short narrow projection (i.e. beak) on one end. Flowering occurs mostly from late summer through to late winter (i.e. from March to August).

The fruit is a slender, sickle-shaped (i.e. falcate), pod (6-18 cm long and 2-6 mm wide) that is almost round (i.e. cylindrical) in cross-section (sometimes slightly flattened or four-angled) and curved downwards. These pods turn brownish-green as they mature and are slightly indented between each of the numerous seeds (i.e. faintly septate). The seeds (3-6 mm long) are dark brown in colour, shiny in appearance, and either diamond-shaped (i.e. rhomboid) or irregular in shape.

Reproduction and Dispersal

This species reproduces only by seed.

Seeds are dispersed by water and animals that eat the fruit (e.g. cattle). They may also be spread as a contaminant of agricultural produce (i.e. fodder and pasture seeds) or in mud sticking to animals, footwear, machinery and vehicles.

Environmental Impact

Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) is regarded as an environmental weed in northern Queensland, the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia. It is actively managed by community groups in the Northern Territory.

Other Impacts

 

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) is very similar to Java bean (Senna tora), hairy senna (Senna hirsuta), coffee senna (Senna occidentalis), smooth senna (Senna septemtrionalis) and the native arsenic bush (Senna planitiicola). It is also relatively similar to Easter cassia (Senna pendula var. glabrata) and pepper-leaved senna (Senna barclayana). These species can be distinguished by the following differences:

There are many other native sennas (Senna spp.) that are also relatively similar to sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia). However, these species generally have thicker pods and ten fertile stamens in each flower.