Top

Scientific Name
Synonyms
Family
Common Names
Origin
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Other Impacts
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
Print Fact Sheet
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWYXZ

Click on images to enlarge

habit (Photo: Chris Gardiner)

habit (Photo: Chris Gardiner)

once-compound leaves with pointed tips (Photo: Chris Gardiner)

close-up of stem and raised glands on the leaf stalks (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of leaflets (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of leaflet undersides (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

flowers and young fruit (Photo: Chris Gardiner)

close-up of flower (Photo: Forest and Kim Starr, USGS)

close-up of stems and old flowers (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of immature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

mature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of elongated mature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of seeds (Photo: Steve Hurst at USDA PLANTS Database)

young plant (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

Senna occidentalis

Scientific Name

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link

Synonyms

Cassia occidentalis L.

Family

Caesalpiniaceae (Queensland, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and the Northern Territory)
Fabaceae: sub-family Caesalpinioideae (New South Wales)
Leguminosae (South Australia)

Common Names

ant bush, antbush, arsenic bush, coffee senna, negro coffee, Nigerian senna, septicweed, sickle pod, stink weed, stinking pea, stinking weed, stinkingweed, stinkweed, styptic weed

Origin

Native to the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the Americas.

Naturalised Distribution

Widely naturalised in the coastal and sub-coastal regions of northern Australia. It is most common in the coastal districts of Queensland and the Northern Territory. It has a scattered distribution in the northern parts of Western Australia and in the inland regions of Queensland and the Northern Territory. Also recorded in some inland parts of northern and western New South Wales, in north-eastern South Australia and on some offshore islands (i.e. Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands).

Also naturalised in southern and eastern USA.

Habitat

A weed of roadsides, waste areas, disturbed sites, pastures, grasslands, open woodlands, coastal environs and crops in tropical, sub-tropical and semi-arid regions.

Habit

An upright (i.e. erect) and short-lived (i.e. annual or biennial) shrub growing 0.5-2.5 m tall.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

The upright (i.e. erect) stems are sparsely branched, smooth and hairless (i.e. glabrous) or sparsely hairy (i.e. puberulent). They are reddish-purple in colour and somewhat four-angled (i.e. quadrangular) or grooved when young, but turn greenish-brown in colour and become rounded as they mature.

The alternately arranged, compound (i.e. pinnate) leaves (15-20 cm long) are borne on reddish stalks (i.e. petioles) 3-5 cm long. They have three to five pairs of oppositely arranged leaflets (3-10 cm long and 2-3 cm wide) that are egg-shaped in outline (i.e. ovate) or oval (i.e. elliptic) in shape. These leaflets have entire margins and pointed tips (i.e. acuminate apices). There is a conspicuous dark-coloured gland near the base of each leaf stalk (i.e. petiole).

Flowers and Fruit

The bright yellow flowers (20-30 mm across) have five petals (10-15 mm long) and are borne in small clusters (of 2-6 flowers) in the forks (i.e. axils) of the uppermost leaves. These flowers have six stamens and four tiny petal-like structures (i.e. staminodes) at their centres. Flowering occurs mostly during summer and autumn.

The fruit is a flattened (i.e. compressed) and slightly sickle-shaped (i.e. falcate) or almost straight pod (75-130 mm long and 8-10 mm wide). These pods are held upright or curve slightly upwards. They turn dark brown as they mature, but have paler stripes along their edges (i.e. sutures), and each contains 20-35 seeds. The seeds are dark brown in colour, flattened (i.e. compressed) and about 5 mm long by 3 mm wide.

Reproduction and Dispersal

This plant reproduces entirely by seed.

Seeds are dispersed by water or in mud sticking to animals, humans, machinery and vehicles. They may also be spread as a contaminant of agricultural produce.

Environmental Impact

Coffee senna (Senna occidentalis) is regarded as an environmental weed in Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia. It is actively managed by community groups in the Northern Territory.

Other Impacts

 

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Coffee senna (Senna occidentalis) is very similar to sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia), Java bean (Senna tora), hairy senna (Senna hirsuta), smooth senna (Senna septemtrionalis) and the native arsenic bush (Senna planitiicola). It is also relatively similar to Easter cassia (Senna pendula var. glabrata) and pepper-leaved senna (Senna barclayana). These species can be distinguished by the following differences: