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Scientific Name
Synonyms
Family
Common Names
Origin
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
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Click on images to enlarge

habit (Photo: Marie Vitelli)

leaves (Photo: Marie Vitelli)

close-up of leaf showing glands (Photo: Marie Vitelli)

close-up of flower showing anthers (Photo: Marie Vitelli)

mature seed-pod with seeds (Photo: Marie Vitelli)

close-up of seeds (Photo: Marie Vitelli)

seedlings (Photo: Marie Vitelli)

Senna tora

Scientific Name

Senna tora (L.) Roxb.

Synonyms

Cassia tora L.

Family

Caesalpiniaceae (Queensland, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and the Northern Territory)
Fabaceae: sub-family Caesalpinioideae (New South Wales)
Leguminosae (South Australia)

Common Names

Chinese senna, foetid cassia, Java bean, Java-bean, low senna, peanut weed, sickle senna, sicklepod, sicklepod senns, stinking cassia, wild senna

Origin

The exact native range of this species is obscure, but it is thought to be native to the Indian sub-continent (i.e. India, Bhutan, Nepal, eastern Pakistan, Sri Lanka), southern China, south-eastern Asia (i.e. Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea) and parts of western Polynesia (i.e. the Solomon Islands).

Naturalised Distribution

This species has a scattered distribution in the coastal and sub-coastal regions of northern Queensland and the northern parts of the Northern Territory. It has also been recorded in coastal central Queensland.

Also naturalised in other parts of Oceania (i.e. the Cook islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Niue, New Caledonia, Western Samoa and Tonga), some parts of the USA (i.e. Michigan and Florida) and in the Mascarenes (i.e. La Réunion).

Habitat

A weed of disturbed sites, waste areas, roadsides, waterways, plantation crops and pastures in wetter tropical and sub-tropical environments.

Habit

A small short-lived (i.e. annual or biennial), upright (i.e. erect), shrub usually growing 50-150 cm tall, but sometimes growing up to 2.5 m in height.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

The branched, sprawling, stems are usually hairless (i.e. glabrous) or sparsely hairy (i.e. puberulent).

The compound (i.e. pinnate) leaves are alternately arranged along the stems and are borne on relatively long stalks (i.e. petioles) 20-45 mm long. These leaves (50-75 mm long) have two to four pairs of leaflets that are egg-shaped in outline with the narrower end attached to the stalk (i.e. obovate). The leaflets (10-55 mm long and 10-35 mm wide) have rounded tips (i.e. obtuse apices) and their margins are lined with tiny hairs (i.e. cilia). There is a small elongated structure (i.e. gland) usually located between each of the lowest two pairs of leaflets (sometimes these glands are only present between the lowest pair of leaflets). The leaves of this species give off a strong unpleasant odour, particularly when damaged or brushed against.

Flowers and Fruit

The yellow flowers are borne on short stalks (i.e. pedicels) 6-10 mm long. These flowers are arranged in pairs in the leaf forks (i.e. axils) and are mostly found near the tips of the branches. Each flower has five sepals, five yellow petals (8-10 mm long) and seven fertile stamens with small anthers (1.5-2.5 mm long). Flowering occurs mostly from late summer through to early winter.

The fruit is a very slender, sickle-shaped (i.e. falcate), pod (12-25 cm long and 2-6 mm wide) that is almost round in cross-section (i.e. cylindrical) and curved downwards. These pods turn brownish-green as they mature and are slightly indented between each of the numerous (20-30) seeds (i.e. the pods are faintly septate). The seeds are striped olive and brown (about 3 mm long), shiny in appearance, and flattened (i.e. compressed) or irregularly shaped (i.e. rhombic-rounded).

Reproduction and Dispersal

This plant reproduces by seed.

These seeds are dispersed by water and animals that eat the fruit (e.g. cattle). They may also be spread as a contaminant of agricultural produce (i.e. fodder and pasture seeds) or in mud sticking to animals, footwear, machinery and vehicles.

Environmental Impact

Java bean (Senna tora) is regarded as an environmental weed in northern Queensland and the Northern Territory.

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Java bean (Senna tora) is very similar to sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia), hairy senna (Senna hirsuta), coffee senna (Senna occidentalis), smooth senna (Senna septemtrionalis) and the native arsenic bush (Senna planitiicola). It is also relatively similar to Easter cassia (Senna pendula var. glabrata) and pepper-leaved senna (Senna barclayana). These species can be distinguished by the following differences:

There are many other native sennas (Senna spp.) that are also relatively similar to Java bean (Senna tora). However, these species generally have thicker pods and ten fertile stamens in each flower.