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Scientific Name
Family
Common Names
Origin
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
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Click on images to enlarge

infestation (Photo: Chris Gardiner)

habit prior to flowering (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit in flower (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of heart-shaped leaf (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

velvety hairy young leaves and stems (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

upper leaves and flower clusters (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

flowers with smaller and narrower upper leaves (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of flower, showing the darker ornage spots at the base of the petals (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of young fruit showing the hairy sepals (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

clusters of immature and mature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of mature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

seedling (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

young plants (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

Sida cordifolia

Scientific Name

Sida cordifolia L.

Family

Malvaceae

Common Names

bala, country mallow, flannel sida, flannel weed, flannelweed, heart leaf sida, heart-leaf sida, heartleaf sida, Indian country mallow, sida, white burr

Origin

This species is now widespread in the tropics (i.e. pan-tropical). Its origin is obscure, but it may have originated tropical America (and/or Africa).

Naturalised Distribution

This species is distributed mainly in the coastal and sub-coastal areas of Queensland and the Northern Territory and in the northern regions of Western Australia. Less common or scattered in other parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory, and in north-eastern New South Wales. Herbaria in Western Australia and Queensland consider this species to be naturalised, while in New South Wales and the Northern Territory it is sometimes considered to be native.

Also regarded as being naturalised on several Pacific islands (i.e. in French Polynesia, Hawaii, New Caledonia and Tonga).

Habitat

A weed of pastures, grasslands, open woodlands, crops, roadsides, disturbed sites, waste areas, gardens, footpaths and parks in tropical, sub-tropical and sometimes also semi-arid environments.

Habit

A long-lived (i.e. perennial) herbaceous plant or small shrub (i.e. sub-shrub) with upright (i.e. erect), branching stems. It usually grows 50-100 cm tall, but occasionally reaches up to 2 m in height.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

The stems are usually slender and quite wiry, but sometimes they can be slightly woody in nature. Stems and leaves are densely covered in soft whitish-coloured hairs that give them a felty texture.

The leaves are alternately arranged and are borne on stalks (i.e. petioles) 1-6 cm long. Their leaf blades (15-75 mm long and 10-60 mm wide) are heart-shaped (i.e. cordate) or occasionally broadly egg-shaped in outline (i.e. broadly-ovate). They usually have rounded tips (i.e. obtuse apices) and toothed (i.e. crenate or serrate) margins.

Flowers and Fruit

The flowers are densely clustered in the upper leaf forks (i.e. axils) or at the tips of the stems. They are borne on short stalks (i.e. peduncles) 2-4 mm long that elongate slightly as the fruit mature. Each flower has five yellow to pale orange petals (8-10 mm long), which often have a dark orange spot near their bases. The bases of the five sepals are partially fused together into a tube (i.e. calyx tube), with ten lengthwise ribs and five lobes (6-7 mm long). Flowering occurs throughout most of the year, but is most apparent in summer.

The fruit (3-8 mm across and about 3 mm high) turn from green to dark-brown as they mature and separate into 8-10 one-seeded segments (i.e. mericarps) when fully mature. These wedge-like 'seeds' (2-2.5 mm long) are dark brown and topped with two long slender awns (2.5-3.5 mm long) that have tiny backwards-pointing (i.e. retrorse) barbs.

Reproduction and Dispersal

This plant reproduces by seed and is easily dispersed when the barbed awns on the 'seeds' become attached to animals, clothing and other materials. Seeds are also spread by water, by animals that eat them and excrete them intact, in mud, and in contaminated agricultural produce (i.e. fodder and seed crops).

Environmental Impact

Flannel weed (Sida cordifolia) is regarded as an environmental weed in northern Queensland, the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia.

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Flannel weed (Sida cordifolia) can be confused with common sida (Sida rhombifolia), spinyhead sida (Sida acuta), spiny sida (Sida spinosa), spiked sida (Sida subspicata), spiked malvastrum (Malvastrum americanum) and prickly malvastrum (Malvastrum coromandelianum). These species can be differentiated by the following differences: