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Scientific Name
Synonyms
Family
Common Names
Origin
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
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Click on images to enlarge

habit (Photo: John Thompson)

habit (Photo: John Thompson)

stems and leaves (Photo: John Thompson)

roots and lower leaves (Photo: John Thompson)

close-up of leaves (Photo: John Thompson)

seed-heads (Photo: John Thompson)

seed-heads of various ages (Photo: John Thompson)

close-up of mature flower spikelets and seeds (Photo: Sangita Shrestha)

Sporobolus jacquemontii

Scientific Name

Sporobolus jacquemontii Kunth

Synonyms

Sporobolus pyramidalis P. Beauv. var. jacquemontii (Kunth) Jovet & Guédès
Vilfa jacquemontii (Kunth) Trin.

Family

Gramineae (South Australia)
Poaceae (Queensland, New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and the Northern Territory)

Common Names

American rat's tail grass, American ratstail grass, giant smutgrass, large smutgrass, smutgrass, West Indian dropseed, West Indian rush-grass, West Indies smutgrass

Origin

Native to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and tropical South America (i.e. French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru).

Naturalised Distribution

This species is widely distributed in the north-eastern parts of Australia, and is most commonly found in the coastal regions of northern and central Queensland. It is also scattered in south-eastern Queensland and present in the northern parts of Western Australia.

Habitat

A weed of pastures, roadsides, creek banks, disturbed sites, open woodlands and grasslands in tropical and sub-tropical regions.

Habit

An upright (i.e. erect), densely tufted, and long-lived (i.e. perennial) grass usually growing 50-75 cm tall.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

The flowering stems (i.e culms) are relatively slender (1-5 mm thick), but somewhat wiry, and may be branched.

The leaves are very thin (i.e. linear or filiform) with a leaf sheath, which partially encloses the stem, and a spreading leaf blade. The leaf sheaths are hairless (i.e. glabrous) and the leaf blades (up to 40 cm long and 2.5-3.5 mm wide) may be flat or somewhat rolled (i.e. convolute). These leaf blades are also hairless (i.e. glabrous) and have pointed tips (i.e. acuminate apices). Where the leaf sheath meets the leaf blade there is a fringe of tiny hairs (i.e. ciliated ligule) or a tiny membrane topped with hairs (i.e. ciliated membrane) 0.2-0.3 mm long.

Flowers and Fruit

The seed-heads are borne at the top of the stems and are thin and elongated (i.e. lanceolate) in appearance (8-25 cm long and 5-30 mm wide). They are slightly open panicles, with relatively long branches (5-10 cm long) that diverge slightly away from the central stalk of the seed-head (i.e. rachis). Each of these branches bears numerous, tiny, elongated (i.e. lanceolate) or oval (i.e. elliptic) flower spikelets almost to their bases. The dark green or greyish-green flower spikelets (1.5-2 mm long) contain a single tiny flower (i.e. floret) inside two bracts (i.e. glumes). The lower bract (i.e. glume) is 0.3-0.4 mm long and the upper bract (i.e. glume) is 0.5-0.8 mm long (i.e. less than half the length of the flower spikelet). Flowering occurs throughout the year.

The tiny seeds (i.e. grains or caryopses) turn reddish-brown in colour as they mature and are oblong or egg-shaped (i.e. obovoid). These seeds (0.8-1 mm long and up to 0.5 mm wide) separate from the remainder of the flower spikelet at maturity (i.e. the pale coloured old glumes remain on the seed-head).

Reproduction and Dispersal

This species produces large quantities of tiny seeds that are somewhat sticky when wet. These seeds may be spread after becoming attached to animals, clothing and vehicles. They may also be dispersed by water, in mud, and in contaminated agricultural produce (e.g. in fodder and pasture seed lots).

Environmental Impact

American rat's tail grass (Sporobolus jacquemontii ) is regarded as an environmental weed in Queensland.

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

American rats-tail grass (Sporobolus jacquemontii ) is very similar to other introduced rats-tail grasses (Sporobolus spp.), including giant Parramatta grass (Sporobolus fertilis), Parramatta grass (Sporobolus africanus ), and the giant rats-tail grasses (Sporobolus pyramidalis and Sporobolus natalensis ). It is also similar to some native species such as the slender rats-tail grasses (Sporobolus creber and Sporobolus elongatus). Distinguishing between these species is often very difficult and a specialist may need to be consulted, however the following is a guide to the differences that may be apparent: