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Scientific Name
Synonyms
Family
Common Names
Origin
Cultivation
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
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infestation (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

habit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

stems and paired leaves (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

leaves and flower clusters (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of leaf with bluntly-toothed margins (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

leaf undersides (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

elongated flower clusters (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of flowers (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of immature fruit and persistent bracts (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

seedling (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

young plant (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis

Scientific Name

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl

Synonyms

Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl
Verbena jamaicensis L.

Family

Verbenaceae

Common Names

bastard vervain, blue porter weed, blue porterweed, blue snake weed, blue snakeweed, Brazil tea, Brazilian tea, Jamaica snakeweed, Jamaica vervain, light blue snakeweed, porterweed, snake weed, snakeweed

Origin

Native to south-eastern USA (i.e. Alabama and Florida), Mexico, Central America (i.e. Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama), the Caribbean and tropical South America (i.e. French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador).

Cultivation

Light blue snakeweed (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis) is sometimes cultivated as a garden ornamental, particularly in the warmer parts of Australia.

Naturalised Distribution

This species is becoming widely naturalised in the northern and eastern parts of Australia. It is most common in the coastal districts of northern and central Queensland and in the northern parts of the Northern Territory. It is also relatively common in south-eastern Queensland and present in the northern parts of Western Australia, on Christmas Island and on the Cocos Islands.

Also widely naturalised in Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia (e.g. the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Brunei) and on several islands in the Indian (i.e. La Réunion) and Pacific (i.e. the Cook Islands, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau and Hawaii) Oceans.

Habitat

A weed of forests and forest margins, native bushland, roadsides, disturbed sites, waste areas, waterways, floodplains, coastal environs, gardens, plantation crops and pastures in tropical and sub-tropical regions.

Habit

A small, long-lived (i.e. perennial), shrub usually growing 50-120 cm tall, but occasionally reaching up to 2 m in height.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

Younger stems are green or purplish in colour, mostly hairless (i.e. glabrous) except for a few hairs near the joints (i.e. nodes), and somewhat square in cross-section (i.e. quadrangular). These branched stems are produced from a woody rootstock and tend to become rounded, light brown in colour, and somewhat woody as they mature.

The oppositely arranged leaves (2-12 cm long and 1-5 cm wide) are borne on stalks (i.e. petioles) 5-35 mm long. They are either egg-shaped in outline (i.e. ovate), oblong, or oval (i.e. elliptic) in shape and have sharply, but finely, toothed (i.e. serrate) margins. These leaves are relatively thick, slightly fleshy in nature, and often have a slight bluish or greyish tinge. They are hairless (i.e. glabrous), or have a few hairs along the veins on their undersides (i.e. sparsely strigose), and have somewhat rounded tips (i.e. obtuse apices).

Flowers and Fruit

Numerous flowers are arranged on long, curved, relatively thick spikes (15-50 cm long and 3-7 mm thick) at the top of the branches (i.e. in terminal spikes). These flowers are stalkless (i.e. sessile) and either pale blue, blue or mauve in colour. They are tubular in shape (7-11 mm long) with a slender tube and five broad petal lobes (about 8 mm across). Each flower also has five sepals (5-7 mm long), that are fused together for most of their length (i.e. into a calyx tube), and two fully developed stamens. Only a small number of these flowers are open at any one time, and each is subtended by a persistent, small, green bract (5-8 mm long and 1-2.5 mm across) with a pointed tip (i.e. acuminate apex). Flowering occurs throughout the year, but is most abundant during spring, summer and autumn.

The small oblong fruit (3-7 mm long and 1.5-2 mm across) are hairless (i.e. glabrous) and turn dark brown, dark purple or blackish in colour. These fruit (i.e. schizocarps) split into two one-seeded structures (i.e. mericarps) at maturity.

Reproduction and Dispersal

Reproduction is almost entirely by seed.

These seeds are most commonly spread in dumped garden waste, soil, and contaminated agricultural produce. They may also become attached to animals, clothing, vehicles and machinery.

Environmental Impact

Light blue snakeweed (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis) is regarded as an environmental weed in the Northern Territory and Queensland.

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Light blue snakeweed (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis) is very similar to dark blue snakeweed (Stachytarpheta cayennensis), white snakeweed (Stachytarpheta australis) and pink snakeweed (Stachytarpheta mutabilis). These species can be distinguished by the following differences:

Light blue snakeweed (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis) also hybridises with other species, and hybrids between it and both dark blue snakeweed (Stachytarpheta cayennensis) and pink snakeweed (Stachytarpheta mutabilis) have also become naturalised in Queensland. These hybrids exhibit characters that are intermediate between the two species involved.

It is also relatively similar to the common verbenas (Verbena litoralis and Verbena officinalis). However, the common verbenas (Verbena litoralis and Verbena officinalis) can be distinguished from dark blue snakeweed (Stachytarpheta cayennensis) by having four fully developed stamens (instead of two) and smaller flowers that are less than 4 mm across.