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Scientific Name
Synonyms
Family
Common Names
Origin
Cultivation
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
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Click on images to enlarge

infestation (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

infestation (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

older stems (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

relatively long and hairy leaf stalks (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

deeply-lobed leaf (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

shallowly-lobed leaf (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

hairy leaf underside (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

narrow leaves (photo: Sheldon Navie)

flowers and floral bracts (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

flowers and floral bracts (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

leaf and mature fruit (Photo: Land Protection, QDNRW)

almost entire leaves (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

short leaf stalks and flower buds (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

flowers (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of flower (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

Thunbergia grandiflora 'Alba' (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

Thunbergia grandiflora

Scientific Name

Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottler) Roxb.

Synonyms

Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl.
Flemingia grandiflora Roxb. ex Rottler

Family

Acanthaceae

Common Names

Bengal clock vine, Bengal clock-vine, Bengal clockvine, Bengal trumpet, Bengal trumpet vine, blue sky flower, blue sky vine, blue skyflower, blue thunbergia, blue trumpet vine, blue trumpetvine, clock vine, giant thunbergia, green trumpet vine, Indian sky flower, large flowered thunbergia, large-flowered thunbergia, laural clockvine, sky flower, sky vine, skyflower vine, skyvine, thunbergia, trumpet vine

Origin

This species is native to the Indian sub-continent (i.e north-eastern India, Bhutan and Nepal), southern China and Myanmar.

Cultivation

Blue thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora) has been widely cultivated as a garden ornamental in tropical and sub-tropical regions for its attractive blue, mauve or sometimes white flowers.

Naturalised Distribution

Blue thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora ) is reasonably widespread in the coastal districts of northern Queensland and is most common in the Cook pastoral district. Scattered populations are also present in the coastal districts of central and south-eastern Queensland, NSW, NT and in northern WA.

Also naturalised in tropical South America, Central America (i.e. Costa Rica), south-eastern USA (i.e. Florida), the Mascarenes (i.e. the Seychelles and La Réunion) and on some Pacific islands (i.e. Fiji, Western Samoa, Palau and Hawaii).

Habitat

A weed of watercourses (i.e. riparian areas), disturbed closed forests, forest margins, open woodlands, roadsides, fence-lines, gardens and plantation crops in tropical and sub-tropical regions.

Habit

A long-lived (i.e. perennial), vigorous, climbing plant that can smother trees and grow up to 15 m in height.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

Younger stems are green, hairy (i.e. pubescent), and square in cross-section (i.e. quadrangular). The older climbing stems are quite thick when mature, and they usually turn brown in colour and become somewhat rounded in shape.

The oppositely arranged leaves are borne on hairy stalks (i.e. pubescent petioles) 2-12 cm long. These leaves are variable in shape (8-22 cm long and 3-15 cm wide) and may have broad heart-shaped (i.e. cordate) bases, be somewhat triangular in shape, or be roughly egg-shaped in outline (i.e. ovate), or narrow. Their margins are also quite variable, and can range from being almost entire, to being irregularly toothed (i.e. crenated) or have several irregular, pointed lobes. The leaves are also bright green in colour and somewhat hairy (i.e. pubescent) or may lack hairs.

Flowers and Fruit

The trumpet-shaped (i.e. tubular) flowers are borne in elongated clusters (i.e. racemes) on long, drooping (i.e. pendent) branches. They are large and showy (3-8 cm long and 6-8 cm across) with five pale blue, violet, mauve or someitmes white coloured petal lobes and a pale yellow or whitish coloured throat. Each flower is borne on a stalk (i.e. pedicel) 4-5 cm long and has two leafy bracts (i.e. bracteoles) at its base. These bracts (15-40 mm long and 10-20 mm wide) are oblong or egg-shaped in outline (i.e. ovate) and have pointed tips (i.e. acuminate apices). The flowers also have hairy (i.e. pubescent) sepals that are fused together and reduced to a ring-like structure (i.e. calyx tube) that is greenish-coloured and may sometimes be streaked with purple or red. Flowering occurs throughout the year, but is most abundant during summer and autumn. [Note: there is also a relatively common white-flowered horticultural variety known as Thunbergia grandiflora 'Alba'].

The fruit is a capsule with a rounded (i.e. spherical) base (about 18 mm long and 13 mm across) and a long tapered beak (2-5 cm long and about 7 mm wide). These fruit are only produced in the warmer parts of northern Australia. The large, flattened (i.e. compressed), seeds (up to 10 mm across) are smooth on one side and warty on the other side.

Reproduction and Dispersal

This species reproduces via seed (but fruit are only produced in warmer climates) and is also capable of regenerating from stem fragments or portions of the tuberous roots.

It has been widely cultivated as an ornamental and is most commonly dispersed in dumped garden waste. The tuberous roots may also be spread during soil moving activities (e.g. roadworks) and by flood waters. Seeds are explosively released, and may be catapulted several meters when the ripe fruiting capsules split open at maturity.

Environmental Impact

Blue thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora) is regarded as a significant environmental weed in Queensland, and as a potential environmental weed or "sleeper weed" in the Northern Territory, Western Australia and New South Wales.

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Blue thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora) is relatively similar to fragrant thunbergia (Thunbergia fragrans), black-eyed Susan (Thunbergia alata) and the native species Thunbergia arnhemica.

Blue thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora) can be most easily distinguished from the other species by the following differences: