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Scientific Name
Family
Common Names
Origin
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
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Click on images to enlarge

habit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

upper leaves with dark green upper surfaces, prominent whitish veins and slightly three-lobed margins (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

rounded male flower-heads borne above the spiny female flower-heads, also note the large yellow three-pronged spines in the leaf forks (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of yellowish male flower-heads clustered at the tips of the branches (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of hairy stems, paler leaf undersides, and immature fruit borne singly in the upper leaf forks (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of burrs covered in hooked spines (Photo: Steve Hurst at USDA PLANTS Database)

young plant, with leaves that are more prominently lobed (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

Xanthium spinosum

Scientific Name

Xanthium spinosum L.

Family

Asteraceae (Queensland, New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and the Northern Territory)
Compositae (South Australia)

Common Names

Bathurst burr, burrweed, burweed, cat's eggs, clotbur, cocklebur, common cockleburr, dagger, dagger cocklebur, dagger weed, daggerweed, prickly burrweed, Spanish thistle, spiny burweed, spiny clotbur, spiny cocklebur, spiny cockleburr, spring clotbur, thorny burweed

Origin

Native to some parts of South America.

Naturalised Distribution

This species is very widely naturalised in Australia, particularly in the eastern half of the country. It is most common in New South Wales, the ACT, Queensland, Victoria and south-eastern South Australia, but is also scattered in the southern parts of the Northern Territory, in other parts of South Australia and in the southern and south-western parts of Western Australia. It is also occasionally naturalised in Tasmania.

Bathurst burr (Xanthium spinosum) is also widely naturalised in other parts of the world, including Europe, the Azores, Africa, temperate Asia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, North America (i.e. the USA and Canada) and some parts of South America.

Habitat

A weed of pastures, crops, waterways, grasslands, open woodlands, floodplains, waste areas, roadsides and disturbed sites in temperate, semi-arid, sub-tropical and sometimes also tropical and arid environments.

Habit

An upright (i.e. erect) and much-branched short-lived (i.e. annual) herbaceous plant usually growing 30-100 cm tall, but occasionally reaching up to 1.2 m in height.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

The stems are greenish-yellow when young and are covered with fine hairs (i.e. finely pubescent). They are armed with spines that occur singly or in pairs at the base of each leaf stalk (i.e. in the leaf axils). These spines are usually three-pronged from near their bases and may appear to be several spines at first glance. They are yellow or greenish-white in colour with prongs 15-50 mm long.

The alternately arranged leaves (2-10 cm long and 6-30 mm wide) are borne on stalks (i.e. petioles) up to 30 mm long. The lower leaves are usually irregularly three-lobed, or occasionally with five lobes, with the middle lobe much larger than the others. However, on upper leaves the side lobes may be insignificant or absent, thereby giving the leaf blade an elongated (i.e. lanceolate) shape. The leaf upper surfaces are dark green and shiny with prominent whitish-coloured veins, while their undersides are pale green or whitish in colour with a dense covering of downy hairs.

Flowers and Fruit

Separate male and female (i.e. unisexual) flower-heads are produced on different parts of the same plant (i.e. this species is monoecious). Male flower-heads consist of numerous tiny flowers (i.e. florets) that are arranged in dense rounded clusters. These male flower-heads are borne at the tips of the stems, and are yellowish or creamy-white in colour. The greenish-coloured female flower-heads are borne singly or in small clusters in the upper leaf forks (i.e. axils), usually below the male flower-heads. Flowering occurs from late spring through to early autumn, but is most abundant during summer.

The fruit (8-15 mm long and 4-6 mm wide) is greenish when young, later becoming yellowish or straw-coloured, then eventually brownish as it matures. It is an oval-shaped (i.e. ellipsoid) 'burr' containing two seeds. These 'burrs' are stalkless (i.e. sessile), finely hairy, and covered in numerous small hooked spines (2-3 mm long). They also have two small, straight, spines or 'beaks' at the tip (1-2 mm long), which may be difficult to distinguish from the hooked spines. These fruit are mostly formed during late summer and autumn. The brown or black seeds (about 10 mm long) are flattened, and one of each pair is slightly larger than the other.

Reproduction and Dispersal

This species reproduces entirely by seed, contained in the 'burrs'.

These 'burrs' are well adapted for dispersal, due to their hooked spines, and readily become attached to animals, clothing and vehicles. They may also be spread by water and in contaminated agricultural produce.

Environmental Impact

Bathurst burr (Xanthium spinosum) is regarded as an environmental weed in Queensland, the Northern Territory, New South Wales, Victroia and South Australia. It was recently also listed as a priority environmental weed in five Natural Resource Management regions.

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Bathurst burr (Xanthium spinosum) is similar to cockleburr (Xanthium ambrosioides) and the plants of the Noogoora burr complex (Xanthium strumarium sp. agg., which includes  Xanthium occidentale, Xanthium orientale, Xanthium italicum and Xanthium cavanillesii ). These species can be distinguished by the following differences: