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Scientific Name
Synonyms
Family
Common Names
Origin
Cultivation
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Other Impacts
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
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Click on images to enlarge

habit (Photo: Chris Gardiner)

habit during the dry season (Photo: Chris Gardiner)

mature seed-heads (Photo: Chris Gardiner)

close-up of mature seed-head (Photo: Chris Gardiner)

Cenchrus polystachios

Scientific Name

Cenchrus polystachios (L.) Morrone

Synonyms

Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult.
Cenchrus setosus Sw.
Panicum polystachion L.
Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. subsp. setosum (Sw.) Brunken
Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult.
Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) L. Rich.

Family

Gramineae (South Australia)
Poaceae (Queensland, New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and the Northern Territory)

Common Names

blue buffel grass, elephant grass, feather pennisetum, feathery pennisetum, mission grass, missiongrass, thin Napier grass, West Indian pennisetum

Origin

This species is thought to be native to tropical Africa (i.e. Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Cameroon, Gabon, Zaire, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe), but is now widespread throughout the tropical regions of the world (i.e. it is pan-tropical).

Cultivation

Mission grass (Pennisetum polystachion) has been widely cultivated as an ornamental throughout the tropical regions of the world, and this may have also been the case in northern Australia. However, it is known to have been one of several grasses introduced into Australia in the 1940's and 1950's for testing as pasture grasses.

Naturalised Distribution

This species is widely naturalised in northern and eastern Australia. It is most common in the northern parts of the Northern Territory and in northern Queensland. Also occasionally naturalised in central and south-eastern Queensland and in the southern parts of the Northern Territory.

Habitat

A weed of roadsides, waste areas, disturbed sites, crops, pastures, grasslands and open woodlands in the tropical, sub-tropical and semi-arid regions of Australia.

Habit

A tussock-forming long-lived (i.e. perennial) grass usually growing 2-3 m tall.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

The flowering stems (i.e. culms) are upright (i.e. erect or ascending), either branched or unbranched, and sometimes produce roots at the lower joints (i.e. nodes). Several of these round (i.e. cylindrical), hairless (i.e. glabrous), stems arise from the base of the plant (i.e. crown).

The leaves consist of a leaf sheath, which partially encloses the stem, and a spreading leaf blade. The leaf blades (5-45 cm long and 3-18 mm wide) are long and narrow (i.e. linear) and either hairless (i.e. glabrous) and smooth or somewhat hairy (i.e. pubescent) towards the base. Where the leaf sheath meets the leaf blade there is a fringe of hairs (i.e. ciliated ligule) 1.5-2 mm long.

Flowers and Fruit

The long spike-like (i.e. spiciform) seed-heads are actually spike-like panicles with very short side branches. These seed-heads (3-35 cm long and 6-26 mm across) are held upright (i.e. erect) or are slightly drooping in nature. One or sometimes more of these seed-heads are borne at the top of the flowering stems (i.e. culms). They are yellowish-green to brown in colour (mostly yellow) and consist of large numbers of densely packed, stalkless (i.e. sessile) flower spikelets. Each of the flower spikelets (2-5 mm long) is surrounded by numerous feathery bristles (mostly 4-12 mm long). However, one of these bristles is significantly longer than the others (6-25 mm long). Flowering occurs mainly from late summer through to early winter, though some seed-heads may begin to appear with the first rains in spring.

The mature seed and seed-heads turn yellowish-brown or straw-coloured. Each seed is 3-5 mm long and is shed from the seed-head with the bristles (i.e. involucre) still surrounding it. Mature seed-heads are present mostly during winter (i.e. from April to June).

Reproduction and Dispersal

This species generally only reproduces by seeds. These light and fluffy seeds are dispersed by animals, water, wind and become attached to clothing and vehicles. They may also be spread as a contaminant of agricultural produce (e.g. in hay and grain).

Environmental Impact

Mission grass (Cenchrus polystachios) is a potentially significant environmental weed in northern Australia, where it is currently listed as a priority environmental weed in three Natural Resource Management regions. It is already having a significant impact in the northern parts of the Northern Territory and is actively managed by community groups in this region.

Once established, mission grass (Cenchrus polystachios) has a competitive advantage over short-lived grasses and replaces native species, threatening natural biodiversity. The main impact this exotic grass has on native vegetation is the change it can have on the fire regime. The above-ground parts dry off each year and, being very robust in nature, they have very high fuel load. This results in extremely hot fires late in the dry season which carry flames into the canopy of trees. These wildfires accelerate its invasion into native bushland and can result in the death of trees and the replacement of the natural savannas with exotic grasslands.

The first observations of mission grass (Cenchrus polystachios) as a weed in the Northern Territory were in the Darwin area in 1970, where it was already well established, and the first herbarium collection was made in 1974. It has subsequently spread south to Katherine, east into Arnhem Land, southwest to the Daly River and north to the Tiwi Islands. The invasion of Mission grass (Cenchrus polystachios) and other exotic grasses in the Wildman and Mary River catchments, and in Kakadu National Park, is also known to be threatening the survival of some native animals. For example, it has caused a decline in the quality of the habitat available to the endangered yellow-snouted ground gecko (Diplodactylus occultus), making its geographic distribution precarious for its survival.

Other Impacts

Mission grass (Cenchrus polystachios) is an important roadside weed in the coastal districts of northern Australia and in commonly seen as a dense monoculture on roadsides in the Northern Territory. It also invades cultivation, wastelands and pastures. In the Northern Territory it has been reported to reduce the yield of summer crops (e.g. sorghum, maize and cotton) and the viability of sown pastures.

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Mission grass (Cenchrus polystachios) is very similar to African feather grass (Cenchrus macrourus), Deenanth grass (Cenchrus pedicellatus) and swamp foxtail (Cenchrus purpurascens) and relatively similar to elephant grass (Cenchrus purpureus), fountain grass (Cenchrus setaceus) and feathertop (Cenchrus longisetus). These species can be distinguished by the following differences: