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Scientific Name
Family
Common Names
Origin
Naturalised Distribution
Habitat
Habit
Distinguishing Features
Stems and Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Reproduction and Dispersal
Environmental Impact
Legislation
Management
Similar Species
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Click on images to enlarge

dense infestation (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

infestation (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

habit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

upright habit (Photo: Chris Gardiner)

spreading habit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of stem and diamond-shaped leaf (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

narrower upper leaves and flower buds on long stalks (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of flower (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

immature and mature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

close-up of immature fruit enclosed in sparsely hairy sepals (Photo: Forest and Kim Starr, USGS)

close-up of mature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

seedling (Photo: Sheldon Navie)

Sida rhombifolia

Scientific Name

Sida rhombifolia L.

Family

Malvaceae

Common Names

arrow leaf sida, arrow-leaf sida, arrowleaf sida, big Jack, bloom weed, broom weed, broomstick, coffee bush, common sida, country mallow Cuba jute,, Cuban jute, flaxweed, Indian hemp, jelly leaf, jellyleaf, Paddy's lucerne, Pretoria sida, Queensland hemp, rhomboid ilima, shrub sida, sida retusa, sida weed, sida-retusa, teaweed

Origin

A cosmopolitan species, particularly in warmer regions (i.e. pan-tropical), that is thought to have originated in the Americas.

Naturalised Distribution

Widely naturalised in northern and eastern Australia (i.e. Queensland, New South Wales, some parts of Victoria, many parts of the Northern Territory and the northern and south-western parts of Western Australia). Also naturalised on Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island and Christmas Island.

Widely naturalised in other parts of the world, including New Zealand and on numerous Pacific islands (e.g. American Samoa, the Galápagos Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Kiribati, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue Palau and the Solomon Islands).

Habitat

A common and widespread weed of disturbed sites, roadsides, pastures, grasslands, open woodlands, crops, waste areas, footpaths and gardens in tropical, sub-tropical, warmer temperate and semi-arid environments.

Habit

A long-lived (i.e. perennial) small shrub (i.e. sub-shrub) or woody herbaceous plant with upright (i.e. erect or ascending) stems. It usually grows 60-100 cm tall, but may occasionally reach up to 2 m in height.

Distinguishing Features

Stems and Leaves

The much-branched stems are slender, but rather woody, with a tough stringy bark. Younger stems are greenish and covered in tiny star-shaped (i.e. stellate) hairs while older stems turn brown and become almost hairless (i.e. glabrous).

The leaves are alternately arranged along the stems and are borne on stalks (i.e. petioles) 3-10 mm long. They have wedge-shaped (i.e. cuneate) bases and are usually widest about half-way along their length. These leaves (15-85 mm long and 3-40 mm wide) are often diamond-shaped (i.e. rhomboid), but may also be oblong, oval (i.e. elliptic) or lance-shaped (i.e. lanceolate), and tend to be narrower towards the tips of the upper branches. The leaves are irregularly toothed (i.e. crenate or serrate) towards their tips and are mostly entire towards their bases. They have a sparse covering of tiny star-like (i.e. stellate) hairs on their upper surfaces and a dense covering of these hairs on their lower surfaces.

Flowers and Fruit

The yellow to pale orange flowers (15-20 mm across) are produced singly in the upper leaf forks (i.e. axils). They are borne on relatively long and thin stalks (i.e. pedicels) 1-4 cm long) and have five petals (6-8 mm long). These flowers also have five sepals that are partially fused together (i.e. into a calyx tube) and are sparsely covered in tiny star-shaped hairs (i.e. stellate puberulent). Flowering occurs from spring through to autumn, and is particularly abundant during summer.

The slightly flattened or almost globular fruit (5-6 mm across and 2.5-3 mm high) turn from green to dark brown as they mature. When fully mature they separate into 8-12 one-seeded segments (i.e. mericarps). These 'seeds' (i.e. mericarps) are wedge-shaped (2-2.5 mm long) and have two vertical ribs. They are dark brown or black and topped with two small spines (0.5-1 mm long) that bear tiny backward-pointing (i.e. retrorse) barbs.

Reproduction and Dispersal

This plant reproduces by seed, which are often dispersed when their barbed awns become attached to animals, clothing and other materials. Seeds may also be spread by water, in mud, and in contaminated agricultural produce.

Environmental Impact

Common sida (Sida rhombifolia) is regarded as a significant environmental weed in the Northern Territory, where it is actively managed by community groups. It is also regarded as an environmental weed in Queensland and New South Wales, and as a minor or potential environmental weed in Victoria.

Legislation

This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:

Management

For information on the management of this species see the following resources:

Similar Species

Common sida (Sida rhombifolia) can be confused with flannel weed (Sida cordifolia), spinyhead sida (Sida acuta), spiny sida (Sida spinosa), spiked sida (Sida subspicata), spiked malvastrum (Malvastrum americanum) and prickly malvastrum (Malvastrum coromandelianum). These species can be differentiated by the following differences: